Bird Beak Lab Conclusion

Part 1: Analysis

Our claim/hypothesis for the first part of this lab was "individuals with better traits leave more offspring". This statement was supported by our data because the tweezer beak and the chopstick beak picked up the most food the fastest out of all the different types of beaks and therefore, left more offspring. The tweezer and chopstick birds both left 15 offspring while the other birds left a few less. This happened because birds need food to leave offspring, and if a bird can pick up a lot of food, then they can have more offspring. Our second claim/hypothesis was that "populations begin to look more like the winners". Our evidence supported this hypothesis because the tweezer beak bird and the chopstick beak bird will dominate the population more than other birds. This happened because the tweezer and chopstick birds can leave/support the most offspring and their populations would grow to "beat" the other species.

Part 2: Conclusion

         In this lab we asked the question "if natural selection occurs in a population, how do changes in selective pressures affect the evolution of that species?". We found that in future generations, birds would evolve to look more like the tweezer beak birds and the chopstick beak birds because of their ability to pick up the most food and leave the most offspring. Our data showed that the tweezer and chopstick beak birds had the highest number of offspring with fifteen each. They had about 21.4% of all the total chicks. The spoon had fourteen chicks, the binder clip had thirteen chicks, and the scissor had thirteen chicks. This data supports our claim because natural selection will cause the beaks of birds to evolve and become like the tweezer and chopstick birds so that they can have better traits.

         While our hypothesis was supported by our data, there could have been errors due to the different types of food and the timing not being perfect. Some of the different types of beaks could pick up different types of food better. For example, if a binder clip can pick up macaroni the best and a tweezer could pick up rubber bands the best, and there were more rubber bands than macaroni, the tweezer would probably pick up the most pieces of food and therefore leave more offspring behind. This would cause the population for the tweezer bird to grow more and essentially start to look like the "winners" and the binder clip birds would start to look like the "losers". The other error of the timing not being perfect could have caused some people to have more time and others to have less time. For instance, one person could have started picking up food earlier and ended later while another person could have started late and ended early. This would cause some people to have more or less time to pick up more food and thus cause more or less offspring than they should really have. Due to these errors, in future experiments I would recommend having the same amount of variation in the different types of food and try to have the timing as exact as possible.

         This lab was done to demonstrate how natural selection plays a role in evolution of a certain species. From this lab I learned that even the slightest change can cause a huge change in the population and the evolution of a species which helps me understand the concept of natural selection affecting evolution and population showing "winners" and "losers". Based on my experience from this lab I could apply this to another situation by knowing how natural selection plays a role in  evolution and teaching other people that evolution isn't actually as complicated as I thought it was.

Unit 7 Reflection

        This unit's focus was ecology. We learned about how the whole ecosystem works and all the effects of not just trash, but also "stuff" in general. Some themes and essential understandings were that the ecosystem cannot run properly if it is unbalanced and that we need to be very aware of what we are buying and consuming in order to preserve our planet and our natural resources. The ecosystem is actually very sensitive to any sort of changes in the environment. For example, a small temperature change or a new addition of a species could cause a whole ecosystem to collapse. Another theme of this unit was how the population rises and falls in somewhat of a pattern. Usually, when the population rises, over the course of the next few years, it falls again. Then the population rises again, falls again, and it continues this pattern unless there is a major epidemic or a crisis. In addition, we learned about food webs and food chains. Within the food chain, we learned how energy flows from each organism to another and how only 10% of the energy is actually retained. We also learned about all the different trophic levels and how organisms are categorized into their specific group.
          I want to learn more about how humans are affecting the ecosystems and what we can do to prevent/lessen the damage we are doing. Although we did learn about different ways to help save the condition of our world, I think that there is always more to do and that the little things I do will really make a difference. An unanswered question that I have is whether the world will be covered in waste maybe a couple hundred years from now or maybe even sooner. I wonder about how many more years people can live on Earth before it starts becoming too polluted and trashed to be capable of sustaining life.
          The conservation biology project went really well in my opinion. I think our group worked really well together. One thing that went really well was our efficiency in filming and editing our video. Another thing that went well was that all of us pulled our weight and I think that for the most part we all did similar amounts of work. However, one thing that didn't go so well was that we sometimes butted heads but in the end, we finished strong and I am really proud of our finished product. Through this project, I learned about the many endangered environments in the world and also how to work/collaborate with others better. I think that overall our group's collaboration was very good.
          As for my progress with my New Year's Goals, I think that I am continuing to improve.  I feel that I have progressed since my Unit 6 Reflection and that I am going to steadily keep improving. I find that I have less homework to do at home because I focus in class more and work on trying to get my assignment done rather than having to do it at home.

Unit 6 Reflection

This unit's main topics were biotechnology and bioethics. We also learned about recombinant DNA, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. Biotechnology is the study and manipulation of living things including their molecules, cells, tissues, or organs in order to benefit mankind. Bioethics is the study of decision making as it applies to moral decisions that have to be made because of advances in biology, medicine, and technology. A main theme of this unit was that recombinant DNA is the insertion of one organism's DNA into the DNA is another organism. It is similar to generic engineering and the result of recombinant DNA technology is a transgenic organism, or GMO. Another essential understanding of this unit is that electricity is used to separate DNA fragments based on size in a process called gel electrophoresis. Larger fragments of DNA travel less and move slower than smaller fragments. Other main ideas of this unit include using sequencing to determine the exact order of a DNA strand and using DNA Polymerase, primers, extra bases, and florescent dyes to create copies of them. A strength that I had in this unit was understanding gel electrophoresis well and knowing exactly how the process works. However, a weakness that I had was having trouble understanding the pGLO lab and the reasons why bacteria grew in some places and didn't in other places. A success that I had was knowing some real life applications of PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction before we learned about them. I knew that PCR can be used for paternity testing, detecting diseases, and conducting forensic investigations. A setback that I have is not knowing some of the steps for PCR and what exactly happens in each of them. For this unit we did the recombinant DNA  lab, the candy electrophoresis lab, and the pGLO lab. In the recombinant DNA lab we had to find the correct restriction enzyme that would cut the plasmid in one place and the human DNA in two places. In the candy electrophoresis lab, we took the dyes of different candies and compared them to some reference bands. We then ran the gel electrophoresis and looked at the results. In our pGLO lab, we took a variety of petri dishes and put bacteria in them. One petri dish had +pGLO with LB/amp/ara, another had -pGLO with LB, and so on. At the end we saw which of the petri dishes had bacteria in them and whether any one of them glowed. All these labs helped me further understand the concepts of this unit. I want to learn more in depth about electrophoresis and its applications. An unanswered question that I have is whether or not the genetic modification of human embryos is really in fact possible. I wonder about if our world will become like the world in the movie GATTACA. I think I am on track to fulfill my New Year's goals. I have been procrastinating less and getting more work done in class than before.

pGLO Lab

1.

2. The two new traits that our transformed bacteria have are glowing under UV light and resistance to ampicillin.

3. I estimate that there were about 1000 bacteria in the 100 ul of bacteria that we spread on the plate. Since there were about 200 colonies in our +pGLO Lb/Amp/Ara plate, I estimated that there had to be much more bacteria that hadn't been transformed/not received the plasmid with resistance to ampicillin.

4. The role of arabinose in the plates is to make the bacteria glow under UV light. The arabinose activates the GFP gene which causes the bacteria to glow.

5. Three current uses for GFP in research or applied science are acting as a cell marker, tagging genes for movement of certain cancers, and showing promoter activity. A cell marker can be used to track where bacteria is present and tagging genes can be used to show the movement of certain cancers. GFP can also be used to show promoter activity in operons.

6. Another application of genetic engineering is how plants are altered to express a gene that isn't native to that particular plant or to modify its genes. It can be used to provide resistance to drought or extreme temperature.

Candy Electrophoresis Lab

1. One dye band was a different size than the reference band. All the dyes were the same colors as the reference bands except for the orange dye. The dye was a bit darker than the reference band. The color difference did not occur in more than one color band. We did not observe any dyes that were moving in the "wrong" direction. These dyes could have had other ingredients in their coloring in addition to the reference dyes causing them to move/look slightly different.

2. Fast green FCF would move similarly to Blue 1 and Citrus red 2 would move similarly to Red 40 because they are similar in size to each other. Fragments of similar size travel together in groups. They move at a similar pace and travel almost the same distance as each other.

3. Dog manufactures put artificial food colors into dog food because they want to make the food look more appealing to their customers and seem less processed. The only reason why they use artificial food dyes is for aesthetic appeal.

5. The two factors that control the distance the colored dye solutions migrate are their length and weight.

6. The positive electrical current helps move the dyes through the gel.

7. Gel electrophoresis causes the molecules to separate by size because the smaller fragments travel further and move faster while the larger fragments travel less and move slower. Fragments of the same size travel in groups and cover the same amount of distance.

8. The DNA molecule with the molecular weight of 600 daltons would move the fastest and the furthest. The next to travel the furthest would be the DNA molecule that weighs 1000 daltons. After that, the molecule with the weight of 2000 daltons, and finally the DNA molecule with the weight of 5000 daltons would travel the least and move the slowest.

Recombinant DNA Lab

          The first step of producing recombinant DNA is to splice open the plasmid. Our plasmid had bacteria that was resistant to ampicillin. We could use ampicillin in our petri dishes to see if bacteria had taken over the plasmid since we had the gene that was resistant to it. We would know if the bacteria had taken our plasmid because if it did then the bacteria would be resistant to the antibiotic and survive. I wouldn't use any of the other antibiotics because our bacteria isn't resistant to any of the others and it would have just killed all the bacteria. After that we tested all of the restriction enzymes to see which ones could splice open the plasmid in one place and the human DNA in two places. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA molecules and cut the molecules at that sequence. Two of the ones we tested spliced the plasmid and human DNA the correct amount of times. The two enzymes were Eco RI and Hin dIII; however, although both of them worked, the Hin dIII spliced closer to the insulin gene. Therefore, we ended up using the Hin dIII. If we had used an enzyme that cut the plasmid in two places then it would not have joined together with the DNA and it wouldn't have been able to make recombinant DNA. There would have been two extra sticky ends. We then found the areas where the bases of the restriction enzyme and the bases of the human DNA and plasmid had been spliced. The sticky ends then joined with the DNA pieces and formed recombinant DNA. This technology could be important in daily life because it allows the insertion of different genes to give an organism new traits that could possibly prevent/cure certain diseases. A real life example of this technology being used is in the creation of genetically engineered plants that produce a toxin called Bt. It kills off certain crop pests so that farmers' crops don't get eaten away at by insects and have higher success rates.

New Year's Goals

My first goal for this semester is to stay more focused and be on track in class. I will make sure to pay more attention in class and spend more time working and doing projects rather than talking to my peers. In order to achieve this goal I will not talk to my classmates when we are given time to do homework in class. I will also listen more carefully to instructions so that I won't have to ask so many questions later which will further help me be more focused.

My second goal for this semester is to not procrastinate and to go to bed earlier. I will start my homework as soon as I get home and not wait until the last minute to do it. By doing my homework as soon as possible, I will get done faster, and then be able to go to bed earlier. I will also use my time wisely while doing homework and just focus on the one assignment I'm working on rather than watching TV or listening to music at the same time.